easy puzzles
easy | probability |
We have a weighted coin that shows a Head with probability and tails with , . How to define two equally likely events using this coin?
Each event is a function of the outcomes of one or more coin tosses. For example, we can toss 2 times and define Event1 as [HH, TT] and Event2 as [TH, HT].
Since is unknown, the probability of HH and TT are unreliable.
Toss 2 times, event1 is HT, event2 is TH, and repeat the process otherwise.
For an arbitrary , this cannot be accomplished in a single toss. If we toss twice, we observe that the probability of HT and TH is the same, i.e. the probability of heads in the first toss and tails in the second is the same as its reverse, i.e.
Hence, we can declare these two as the two events. If we observe HH or TT, we retry.
Follow-up question
What's the probability of an infinite repetition?
Follow-up Answer
Let us calculate the probability of the first retry
Probability of HH or TT =
This is a quadratic equation, with a minimum value of at , and for the range
Thus, the probability of an infinite repetition is (because )
Note that if is close to 1 then is close to 1, and it might take a very long sequence before event 1 or event 2 occurs.